Con el propósito de establecer que el delito de estupro o la cópula con una persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años, se persiga de oficio y contemplar agravantes, la diputada Carmen Rocío González Alonso (PAN) impulsa iniciativa que modifica los artículos 262 y 263 del Código Penal Federal.
Las agravantes serían cuando exista una diferencia de edad mayor a cinco años o más entre la persona activa y la víctima, se haya entregado dinero, favores, bienes materiales, drogas u otros beneficios con la finalidad de obtener el consentimiento, y la víctima se encuentre en situación de vulnerabilidad, incluyendo pobreza, abandono, adicción, violencia familiar o discapacidad, y exista embarazo derivado de los hechos.
El documento, enviado a la Comisión de Justicia, también busca derogar el artículo 263 que dice: “en el caso del artículo anterior, no se procederá contra el sujeto activo sino por queja del ofendido o de sus representantes”.
González Alonso expone que la reforma permitirá al Ministerio Público actuar sin necesidad de querella en los casos más graves, asegurando que los responsables enfrenten la justicia y se rompa el ciclo de impunidad que actualmente caracteriza este delito, y elimina el artículo que condiciona la procedibilidad penal a la queja de la víctima.
De esta manera –añade– el Estado mexicano dará un paso firme hacia la protección real y efectiva de niñas y adolescentes, conforme a los más altos estándares constitucionales e internacionales de derechos humanos, pues tiene la obligación de proteger de forma prioritaria y efectiva a niñas, niños y adolescentes frente a cualquier forma de violencia, en particular la violencia sexual.
Argumenta que la reforma permitirá cerrar una puerta estructural a la impunidad en uno de los delitos más invisibilizados, y no busca aumentar penas ni endurecer el derecho penal sin reflexión, sino corregir una omisión que permite la impunidad cuando una menor embarazada o desaparecida ha sido víctima de estupro. La modificación no solo es jurídicamente viable, sino social, ética y humanamente impostergable.
La diputada del PAN puntualiza que durante 2023 se iniciaron 89 mil 253 carpetas de investigación por delitos contra la libertad y la seguridad sexual en todo el país, lo que incluye estupro, violación, abuso sexual y otros ilícitos afines. Ese número representa un aumento significativo en comparación con años anteriores y evidencia el carácter estructural del problema.
De igual modo, los delitos de violación y abuso sexual suelen tener mayor visibilidad. El delito de estupro –definido como la cópula con adolescentes entre 15 y 18 años obtenida mediante engaño– ocupa una posición especialmente vulnerable en el sistema jurídico mexicano, ya que actualmente solo puede ser perseguido por querella, según lo establece el artículo 263 del Código Penal Federal.
Esa condición procesal –añade– impide que el Ministerio Público actúe de oficio, incluso cuando hay evidencia clara del delito o la víctima se encuentra bajo condiciones de manipulación, coerción emocional, dependencia económica o violencia estructural.
Menciona que el requerimiento de querella en estos casos no solo perpetúa la impunidad, sino que revictimiza a las adolescentes, al colocarlas en una posición en la que deben iniciar por sí mismas el proceso penal contra su agresor, aun cuando puedan depender de él o carecer de redes de apoyo.
También, en muchas de las carpetas de investigación registradas se identifican situaciones de vulnerabilidad, engaño o manipulación emocional como medios para obtener el consentimiento de las víctimas, especialmente en contextos de marginación y pobreza.
Esos patrones coinciden con la conducta típica del estupro, que no es denunciado en la mayoría de los casos y, cuando lo es, no permite una respuesta penal efectiva debido al carácter querellable del delito.
La iniciativa que reforma el párrafo primero, adiciona los incisos a) y d) al artículo 262 y deroga el artículo 263 del Código Penal Federal, en materia de estupro, también la suscriben integrantes del grupo parlamentario del PAN.
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