EFE.- A punto de concluir, el 2024 será el año más cálido jamás registrado, con una anomalía térmica a nivel global que por primera vez supera 1.5 grados de media respecto a la era preindustrial tras dejar una serie de desastres climáticos: desde asfixiantes olas de calor, hasta huracanes, lluvias torrenciales, sequías, incendios e inundaciones mortales.
Las catástrofes climáticas han inmortalizado este año estampas inéditas como las lluvias torrenciales en el desierto del Sáhara en Marruecos tras el verano o las trágicas inundaciones de dimensiones nunca vistas en la ciudad española de Valencia, a orillas del Mediterráneo, a finales de octubre, con más de 220 muertos.
Este mar en el sur de Europa y norte de África, que se calienta mucho más rápido que el resto y alcanzó temperaturas en torno a 30 grados centígrados durante el verano, con registros récord, se trata de una bomba de relojería, según los expertos, para la instigación de danas o gotas frías con lluvias torrenciales como las de Valencia.
La sequía por las altas temperaturas junto con episodios frecuentes sin lluvias están dejando un impacto sin precedentes en el mundo, desde Asia, hasta el resto de continentes, incluida Europa, y especialmente África, donde la falta de agua causa estragos, y en sudamérica la selva amazónica se deshidrata.
El verano más caluroso en el planeta
El verano de 2024, con varios récords de altas temperaturas siguiendo la tendencia de los últimos años, ha sido el más caluroso en el planeta desde que hay registros, según los datos del programa europeo Copernicus, referente mundial en monitorización climática.
De enero a noviembre de 2024, la anomalía térmica en el mundo fue de 0.72 grados superior al promedio del periodo 1991-2020.
El 2024 registró una anomalía térmica de 1.5 grados centígrados de promedio a nivel global por encima de los niveles preindustriales (1850-1900), lo que supone una clara advertencia del efecto acelerado del cambio climático, según los datos actualizados del programa Copernicus.
El Acuerdo de París y el techo de 1.5 grados
El Acuerdo de París de 2025 fijó el límite de 1.5 grados como umbral máximo de seguridad de aumento de temperaturas estimado por los científicos del panel sobre cambio climático de la ONU para evitar un punto de no retorno para la supervivencia del planeta.
La senda del colapso podría haberse iniciado según los datos, aunque aún no se ha sobrepasado el techo fijado por los expertos, porque habría de mantenerse de forma sostenida varios años, dado que los cambios de temperatura a largo plazo se determinan con escalas de tiempo decenales para eludir la variabilidad natural de algún año o mes.
Los principales gases causantes del calentamiento global han seguido creciendo; el 2024 cerrará con un nuevo récord de emisiones de CO2 de la industria fósil tras aumentar el 0.8% respecto a 2023, con 37 mil 400 millones de toneladas vertidas a la atmósfera, según el panel Global Carbon Project.
Temporada de huracanes destructiva
Las temperaturas de la superficie del mar han sido una vez más inusualmente altas; según la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica de Estados Unidos (NOAA), el 35% del océano global experimentó en julio de 2024 una ola de calor marina, temperatura que afecta a los ecosistemas y puede hacerlo también al desarrollo de ciclones tropicales.
De hecho, la temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico ha sido especialmente catastrófica; destacan entre otros, Beryl, Helene o Milton, que formado en el Golfo de México este último pasó de categoría uno a cinco en un día, y tocó tierra en la costa de Florida (Estados Unidos) en octubre con categoría tres y vientos huracanados.
La situación de los polos también empeora, con un aumento del nivel del mar que amenaza con ahogar a territorios enteros que reclaman ayuda urgente como las llamadas islas-país que son estados soberanos rodeados de agua.
El hielo marino antártico es el segundo más bajo registrado jamás y la pérdida de glaciares se acelera; el Ártico podría experimentar su primer verano sin hielo marino en 2027, según una reciente investigación científica.
Incendios son cada vez más voraces
Los incendios forestales de nueva generación, con llamas cada vez más voraces y extensas, avivados por el cambio climático, se extienden de forma irrefrenable desde África, hasta América o Asia, pero también por Europa, Canadá y otros países del norte global.
Este mes de diciembre un incendio en la ciudad estadounidense de lujosas mansiones conocida como Malibú (California) ha obligado a evacuar a miles de personas por el riesgo de propagación. Por otra parte, Canadá ha vivido el segundo peor año de incendios forestales de los últimos 20 años.
En otras partes del continente, Bolivia ha sufrido la peor crisis de incendios forestales de su historia; en Brasil, la Amazonía y el Pantanal, dos de los ecosistemas más importantes del planeta, se registraron incendios devastadores y Chile vivió una de las peores temporadas de incendios en años recientes.
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